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Hence, when I saw a little book called “How Iceland changed the world” by Egill Bjarnasson in my local bookstore I had to have it immediately. And what a treasure of a book it is. Bjarnasson takes a chronological journey through time highlighting some of the unique and significant contributions that this far flung remote viking island nation has made to the world. For me, I think the first few chapters were the most interesting. I knew the basics about Erik the Red and and Leif Ericsson and their escapades and 'discovery' of North America. Have I heard of Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir? No I haven't. Because patriarchy. Anyway, she's rescued along with a bunch of other castaways by Leif, and then went on a voyage that went to North America, where she gave birth to the first European American. There's a lot in that. So those discoveries are the first chapter - along with the settling of Iceland and Greenland by these Europeans, and how that affected the rest of Europe - and then the second chapter looks at other ways Iceland interacted with medieval Europe. It focuses a lot on the recording of the sagas and how Iceland's parliament functioned, and of course bloody Snorri Sturluson. And then the third chapter is Iceland's volcanoes leading to several years of very, very bad weather and general climatic problems, some of which I'd heard of while others (like the lung problems in England) were completely new. This book is such a colorful, funny, and loving ode to Iceland. And I love how clear it is that the author loved writing it. I travelled to Iceland in 2017 and played the awe-inspired tourist along with thousands of others, marvelling at all the wonders that I had long read about. The fields of purple lupin that featured in many of my photos has a section devoted to it in this book - highlighting the fragile Icelandic flora-scape and how introduced plants albeit beautiful to look at destroy delicate ecosystems.

I hadn't known that the Icelandic language is (in essence) Old Norse, so Icelandic scholars can read old manuscripts in that language. The Mongols probably entered Krakow on 22 March 1241. The city itself was not defended. Those residents who had not fled, decided to hide in churches and on the fortified Wawel Hill. According to a popular-20th century legend, a Polish sentry on a tower of St. Mary's Church sounded the alarm by playing the Hejnał, and the city gates were closed before the Mongols could ambush. The trumpeter, however, was shot in the throat by a Tatar marksman and did not complete the anthem. Henry I of Poland ruled only for a single year after which he returned to his native France, as he had become the new French king after the death of his brother. The next election took place in 1576. This is a book that I raced through. I don't read enough nonfiction as it is so easy to become bogged down in much of it. This is a book written with humor, while extremely well researched. The writer earned a master's degree at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and has worked as a journalist and writer for a number of years.

The free election of 1573 was the first ever royal election to be held in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It gathered approximately 40,000 szlachta (Polish nobility) voters (the highest turnout ever) who elected Henry of Valois king. How Iceland Changed the World:" well, not all that much, really, which is what you might have expected for an isolated island-nation in the North Atlantic. But there are interesting bits here, many of which I was already aware of. Such as the history of the Greenland settlement (whose disappearance is still mysterious), and the Norse discovery of North America, long before Columbus, which also failed to have much long-term impact. Perhaps the biggest impact from Iceland came from the eruption of Laki Volcano in 1783-84, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki which caused crop failures and cold winters worldwide, and starved about a quarter of Iceland's population. And some very interesting local geology, as a major volcanic Hot Spot astride the Mid-Atlantic Rift. Bjarnasson brings to life the days of Erik the Red, and his son Leif Erikkson, revealing that it was indeed Leif who stepped foot on the North American continent (albeit just for a few moments) 500 years before Columbus. And who hasn’t read Lord of the Rings and wondered if it was influenced by the Icelandic sagas? Bjarnasson tells the story of Arndís Þorbjarnardóttir, au pair to the Tolkien family and her contribution to Tolkien’s appetite for Icelandic folklore and language. S. Grzybowski, Dzieje Polski i Litwy (1506–1648), pod red. S. Grodziskiego, w: Wielka Historia Polski, Kraków 2003 This book corrects that view with a wry humour that is more than ironic but less than sarcastic. Either directly or indirectly Iceland has contributed to the French Revolution, the success of the moon landings, and the creation of the state of Israel.

The Election Sejm dragged for a long time, due to several issues which were discussed. In early May 1573, Mazovian nobility, which grew impatient, demanded that the Primate of Poland begin the election. On May 3, the vote began, and by May 9 it turned out that French candidate won support of 22 voivodeships. On May 10, opponents of Henri, led by Jan Firlej, left Kamien and headed to Grochow. To prevent a double election, a delegation under Piotr Zborowski was sent there. Firlej and his men agreed to the election of the Frenchman only after signing the so-called Henrician Articles. Meets the specifications on the tin. How Iceland Changed the World is less a soup-to-nuts biography of a nation and more a series of essays about how a particular event in Iceland had worldwide implications. Egill Bjarnason does a nice job of stoking the fire for something as theoretically dull as a chess tournament or Iceland in World War II, where zero battles happened and only a few fishermen died. A quippy and comprehensive overview of Icelandic history. It's very conversational, which sometimes makes it prone to almost-imperceptible segues from topic to topic. This sometimes made reading sessions feel overwhelming and disorganized. But man, what a fun read. I'm happy to regard it as a charming sort of clutter. Henry of Valois, the brother of Charles IX of France, emerged as a possible candidate in the final years of the reign of Zygmunt August. He was supported by the pro-French circles among Polish nobility, which hoped to reduce Habsburg influences, end wars with Ottoman Empire, a traditional French ally, and profit from lucrative Baltic Sea trade with France. The French court also expressed interest in this idea. In August 1572, Paris sent to the Commonwealth an official delegation, headed by Bishop of Valence, Jean de Montluc. The French were also supported by an influential Papal legate, Giovanni Francesco Commendone. A lovely book about a country most of us associate with volcanoes, spectacular landscapes, equality, and fishing.It’s not often at all that I can read a history of a specific nation and consider it “fun.” Enjoyable? Yes. Informative? Yes. Depressing at points? Definitely yes. But fun? That is very much an exception. Another candidate was the Tsar of Muscovy, Ivan the Terrible, supported mostly by the Lithuanians, who hoped that his election would end the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars. Ivan himself initially did not express any interest in the Polish-Lithuanian throne, neither for himself, nor for his son. Later on, however, he presented a list of unrealistic demands, such as incorporation of vast territories of the Commonwealth, and creation of a Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovite state, with a hereditary monarch. Since he did not send any envoys to Warsaw, his candidacy failed. The history of Iceland includes the Skafta Fires between 1783 - 1785 when Laki (a volcano) spewed out 220 square miles of lava, not from a perfectly formed volcanic cone, but from vents that rent the earth. The volcanic activity killed no one directly, but a quarter of Iceland's population died from the indirect effects such as toxic fumes, polluted water, or hunger as all the animals died from eating vegetation poisoned by fluorine. I loved reading about the historic and strategic geo-political influence of Iceland during World War Two and the indelible mark that that has left on the landscape and psyche of the country and understanding the confluence of Icelandic volcanic eruptions and global understanding of climate.