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Forest biomass can also be mixed with other biomass to enhance the overall properties of the mixture for pellet production ( de Souza et al., 2020). For instance, the water content of biomass pellets could affect their durability, a property that could be adjusted by mixing different types of forest biomass. More specifically, when the moisture content of forest biomass is reduced to 1–5%, the average durability reaches 95%, which is convenient for the storage and transportation of the product ( Pradhan et al., 2018). Assimakopoulos V., Domenikos H.G. Consumption preferences structure of Greek households. Energy Economics. 1991;13(3):163–167. Although information theoretic tools were being used to analyze and interpret the data in these studies we should note that what was actually being detected by the experimental procedures was not information per se but the organization of energetic activity or processing in the brain. Energetic processing – the processes by which the brain regulates the flow of energy through its structures – is routinely detected at varying degrees of spatial and temporal resolution, either directly or indirectly, by neuroimaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI), and EEG ( Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1987; Bailey et al., 2005; Shulman, 2013). Referring again to the study by Casali et al. (2013), the perturbations from which the PCI was calculated were generated by a pulse of magnetic energy from the TMS and were imaged with EEG that measures electrical voltage differences, that is, fluctuations in energetic potentials between clusters of neurons in the cortex ( Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1987; Hu et al., 2009; Koponen et al., 2015). The PCI and wSMI can therefore be interpreted as measures of the complexity or organization of energetic processing in the brain during the experimental procedures. Subsequent research has directly investigated the connection between brain metabolism (how the brain regulates energy conversion), brain organization, and levels of consciousness by combining EEG measures with PET, a more specific measure of cerebral metabolism. Chennu et al. (2017) collected data from 104 patients in varying states of conscious impairment using both techniques. By analyzing this data, they determined a metric that discriminated levels of consciousness to a high degree of accuracy. This study built on previous work by Demertzi et al. (2015) that used fMRI to correlate a measure of intrinsic functional connectivity in the brain with levels of consciousness. The PCI method has been further validated by a study combining EEG and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET ( Bodart et al., 2017), so reinforcing the link between levels of consciousness and the organization of metabolic activity in the brain.

It is proposed that a particular kind of activity occurs in human brains that causes our conscious experience. It is a certain dynamic organization of energetic processes having a high degree of differentiation and integration. This organization is recursively self-referential and results in a pattern of energetic activity that blossoms to a degree of complexity sufficient for consciousness.ii)The total carbon emissions from energy consumption in Shaanxi is too large, but the growth rate tends to be stable. From the perspective of total carbon emissions, the carbon emissions of energy consumption in Shaanxi generally shows an increase trend from 2000 to 2021. The carbon emissions increased from 5,064.6 tons in 2000 to 22974.54 tons in 2021 which mainly due to the increase in fossil energy consumption. From the perspective of the growth rate of carbon emissions, although the total carbon emissions from energy consumption in Shaanxi is relatively high, while the relative growth rate is declining year by year. From 2000 to 2014, the growth rate of carbon emissions of energy consumption in Shaanxi dropped rapidly, and the growth rate of carbon emissions decease from 17% in 2001 to 5.3% in 2014, the growth rate of carbon emissions has basically stabilized at around 1% since 2015, indicating that Shaanxi’ active promotion of energy conservation and emission reduction policies has achieved phased results, and carbon emissions have gradually stabilized. In 2020, carbon emissions decreased by 0.7% month-on-month affected by the external economic environment and the epidemic. Among them, H max represents the maximum value of the energy consumption structure diversity, and in the maximum equilibrium state, the maximum value of the diversity index is lnN. It can be seen from the formula that when the energy consumption structure equilibrium index E approaches to 0, it means that the non-equilibrium degree of the primary energy consumption structure increases; when the energy consumption structure equilibrium index E approaches to 1, it means that each energy types in primary energy consumption structure is nearly equal.

Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran In light of the significance of forest biomass in the global energy market in the future, the present work aims to briefly report on various methods of forest biomass conversion into bioenergy and biofuels. Direct Utilization of Forest Biomass Direct Combustion of Wood for Energy Production The mechanisms that enable performance of these tasks can be seen at work in organisms with relatively simple nervous systems, such as the C. elegans worm ( Sterling and Laughlin, 2017). Chemical gradients in the environment activate chemosensory neurons on the worm’s surface that connect via interneurons to motor neurons that control the action of dorsal and ventral muscles, which, in turn, control the worm’s movement ( de Bono and Maricq, 2005). In this way, differences of chemical potential energy in the environment are converted into differences of electro-chemical energy in the sensing apparatus of the organism and then into differences of chemical energy in the muscles, which, by antagonistic action, are converted into the kinetic energy of the organism’s movement. The organism makes discriminations in the environment relevant to its interests so that it can take appropriate actions in response. Designed to improve how organisations interact with customers, Anywhere365 Dialogue Cloud is delivered directly from the Microsoft Azure ecosystem and uses artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning technology to automatically route queries from multiple channels to Microsoft Teams. This allows both dedicated customer service agents and other employees to interact with customers from any device, channel, location or time zone. In addition, it enables businesses to handle routine requests via chatbots.The PCI was calculated using data from electroencephalographic (EEG) measurements of the cerebral perturbation following the TMS. Images from the EEG were filtered into binary data that was then analyzed using a Lempel–Ziv algorithm, a commonly used information-theoretical technique in which complexity is measured as a function of data string compressibility, with more complex data strings being less compressible ( Ziv and Lempel, 1977; Aboy et al., 2006). Other researchers have developed similar information-theoretical methods for quantifying the complexity of brain activity and levels of consciousness. King et al. (2013) analyzed data from 181 EEG recordings of patients who were diagnosed with varying states of impaired consciousness and applied a measure of weighted symbolic mutual information (wSMI) that sharply distinguished between patients in vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and conscious state. Gani A. Fossil fuel energy and environmental performance in an extended STIRPAT model. Journal of Cleaner Production.2021;297: 126526. Dougall T, Dodd J C. A study of species richness and diversity in seed banks and its use for the environmental mitigation of a proposed holiday village development in a coniferized woodland in south east England. Biodiversity & Conservation. 1997;6(10):1413–1428. Scholar’s research conclusion on the influencing factors of carbon emissions can be summarized into four aspects. From the perspective of economic factors, the main factors affecting carbon emissions include economic growth, trade openness, industrial level, energy consumption and so on [ 33]. From the perspective of institutional policy, financial system and regulatory regulations also have an important impact on carbon emissions [ 34]. From the perspective of energy system, coal, oil and other fossil fuels are crucial to carbon emissions [ 35]. From the perspective of urban development, urbanization will aggravate carbon dioxide emissions [ 36]. However, these research perspectives are mostly focused on economic development and market regulation, the mechanism of carbon emission within the energy system has not been carefully explored.

If consciousness is a physical process, and physical processes are driven by actualized differences of motion and tension, then there is something it is like to undergo actualized differences organized in a certain way in the brain, and this is what we experience – intrinsically 21. Author ContributionsAmong them, C represents the carbon dioxide emissions of energy consumption, i represents the number of energy types, E i represents the consumption of the ith energy, CF i represents the calorific value of the i th energy, CC i represents the carbon content of the i th energy, ROX i represents the carbon oxidation rate of the i th energy, γ is a coefficient that represents the ratio of the relative molecular mass of carbon dioxide to the relative atomic mass of carbon, generally taking 3.67. Reference to the research method of Xu Shichun [ 37], the consumption of fossil energy is used as an accounting indicator, and raw coal, crude oil, natural gas, etc. are selected as carbon emission sources, and the carbon emission value is estimated according to the carbon dioxide emission coefficient of different energy sources. Nagel clarified the term ‘something it is like’ as meaning not what something resembles but ‘how it is’ for the system ( Nagel, 1974 ). Despite the enormous amount of interest in the physics of energy and its central importance in so many branches of science, its nature remains in many ways mysterious ( Feynman, 1963; Smil, 2008; Coopersmith, 2010) and it has been the subject of relatively little philosophical interrogation ( Coelho, 2009). Treating energy as an abstract accounting quantity is perfectly satisfactory for many scientific purposes, where there is little reason to question its nature. But if energetic activity plays a significant role in consciousness, as the evidence cited above suggests it might, then its nature deserves closer scrutiny. Treating brains as neural information processors does not help us to understand consciousness as a physical process because information, according to the commonly accepted definitions, is not a physical property of brains at the neural level; there is no information in a neuron 15. It is useful, however, to apply information-theoretical methods to study the organization of physical systems, such as brains. Wiener (1948) stated: “…the amount of information in a system is a measure of its degree of organization…” As exemplified in several studies and theories cited here, we can measure and model the way the organization of energetic processes in the brain contributes to the presence of consciousness in a person 16. But the abstract difference between 0 and 1 is not equivalent to the actualized difference between a neuron at rest and firing. The Brain as a ‘Difference Engine’ Logan (2012) , in work undertaken with Stuart Kauffman and others, defines ‘biotic information’ as the organization of the exchange of energy and matter between organism and environment – a further example of information theory being used to quantify the biological organization of energy flows.

Arieh Ben-Naim sets out in some detail how Shannon information is a probabilistic measure rather than a physical property ( Ben-Naim, 2015 ). Note that the act of measurement presupposes a conscious mind capable of carrying out the measurement procedure and interpreting the result. Energy may be called the fundamental cause for all change in the world” ( Heisenberg, 1958 ). The neurobiologist Gerald Edelman neatly defined causal efficacy as “The action in the physical world of forces or energies that lead to effects or physical outcomes” ( Edelman, 2004 ). Yuan Baolong, Ren Shenggang, Chen Xiaohong. The effects of urbanization, consumption ratio and consumption structure on residential indirect CO2 emissions in China: A regional comparative analysis. Applied Energy. 2015;140:94–106.All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. Funding The abbreviations referred to in the paper are as follows. H index stands for diversity index, E index stands for equilibrium index, DEA stands for Data Envelopment Analysis, DMU stands for Decision Making Units. Liao Hua, Wei Yi-Ming. China’s energy consumption: A perspective from Divisia aggregation approach. Energy. 2010;35(1):28–34. The other commonly cited definition of information is Gregory Bateson’s “a difference that makes a difference” ( Bateson, 1979). Like his fellow cybernetic theorist Wiener (1948), Bateson sharply distinguished information from energy. Difference is not a property of what he calls the “ordinary material universe” governed by energetic activity. It is not subject to the effects of impacts and forces but is an abstract, relational property of the mind that exists outside the realm of physical causation: “Difference, being of the nature of relationship, is not located in time or space.” Information defined according to Bateson as a “non-substantial” abstract difference cannot be used to explain consciousness as a physical process 14. In discussions of the nature and behavior of forces at the microscopic level we often find references to the way they ‘feel’ ( Feynman, 1963 ), or the way they ‘experience’ each other in fields ( Rennie, 2015 ). It would be interesting to investigate what motivates the use of such terms in this context.