The King Over the Water: A Complete History of the Jacobites

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His humiliating defeat at the Battle of the Boyne on 1 July 1690, celebrated to this day by Protestants in Northern Ireland, was an early omen for the entire enterprise. It repealed the Cromwellian land seizures, confiscated land from Williamites, and proclaimed Ireland a 'distinct kingdom from England', measures annulled after defeat in 1691. However, unlike the Stuart pretenders, none of them has claimed the British throne (or the thrones of England, Scotland or Ireland) or incorporated the arms of these countries in their coats-of-arms. Desmond Seward has been shortlisted for a Military History Matters Book of the Year Award for The King Over The Water. James left Ireland after defeat at the Boyne in 1690, telling his supporters to "shift for themselves".

One reason was the persistence of feudalism in parts of rural Scotland, where tenants could be compelled to provide their landlords with military service. Charles's reign was dominated by the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France, seen as a threat to Protestant Europe. More generally, Jacobite theorists reflected a broader conservative current in Enlightenment thought, appealing to those attracted to a monarchist solution to perceived modern decadence. As you would expect, the Brugge guilds all had wonderful houses, many of them in the Markt, opposite the Town Hall. Much of the power held by the Highland chiefs derived from their ability to require military service from their clansmen and even before 1745 the clan system had been under severe stress due to changing economic conditions; the Heritable Jurisdictions Act removed such feudal controls by Highland chiefs.

a] The Jacobite succession, as a dynastic alternative for the throne, became a major factor in destabilising British politics between 1689 and 1746. From 1807 to 1840, it was held by the House of Savoy, then the House of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1919, while the current Jacobite heir is Franz, Duke of Bavaria, from the House of Wittelsbach. The participation of Lowland and north-eastern gentry was less emphasised, while his Irish Jacobite advisors were presented as a largely negative influence on Charles in 1745. A spokesman for the current heir, Franz, Duke of Bavaria, has described his position in the line of succession as "purely hypothetical" and a question "which does not concern him".

Following Charles's death, Scottish Catholics swore allegiance to the House of Hanover, and resolved two years later to pray for King George by name. Sunderland secretly co-ordinated an Invitation to William, assuring Mary and her husband, and James's cousin, William of Orange of English support for armed intervention. English common law determined the line of succession based on male-preference primogeniture, [33] [34] and Scots law applied the same principle in relation to the crown of Scotland.In addition, the Adventurers' Act, approved by Charles in March 1642, funded suppression of the revolt by confiscating land from Irish Catholics, much of it owned by members of the Confederacy. After various negotiations, both overt and covert, Charles moved to Breda in the Netherlands in April 1660, and the rest is Restoration.