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A 2016 publication attributed the previous decade's 90% decline in overwintering numbers of the eastern monarch population to the loss of breeding habitat and milkweed. The publication's authors stated that an 11%–57% probability existed that this population will go almost extinct over the next 20 years. [169] D. p. nigrippus ( Richard Haensch, 1909) – South America - as forma: Danais[ sic] archippus f. nigrippus. Hay-Roe et al. in 2007 identified this taxon as a subspecies [24]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( August 2021) The adult's thorax has six legs, but as in all of the Nymphalidae, the forelegs are small and held against the body. The butterfly uses only its middle and hindlegs when walking and clinging. [54] Beyond the perception of color, the ability to remember certain colors is essential in the life of monarch butterflies. These insects can easily learn to associate color, and to a lesser extent, shape, with sugary food rewards. When searching for nectar, color is the first cue that draws the insect's attention toward a potential food source, and shape is a secondary characteristic that promotes the process. When searching for a place to lay its eggs, the roles of color and shape are switched. Also, a difference may exist between male and female butterflies from other species in terms of the ability to learn certain colors; however, no differences are noted between the sexes for monarch butterflies. [59] Courtship and mating [ edit ] Monarch butterfly mating (video) Another monarch study published showing the spring migration holds the key to everything". monarchscience. November 4, 2019 . Retrieved December 12, 2019.Butterflies: " Beautiful fluttering insects that love sunrises. Fish are attracted to these based on their color variety." In Memory of 9/11 "Wings of Hope" ". gayandciha.com. September 4, 2014 . Retrieved November 14, 2014. Pollinator Habitat Acreage: Restore or enhance 7 million acres of land for pollinators over the next 5 years through Federal actions and public/private partnerships. [211]

First Monarch butterflies in space take flight". NBC News. December 9, 2009 . Retrieved November 12, 2023. In Ontario, Canada, the monarch butterfly is listed as a species of special concern. [205] In fall 2016, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada proposed that the monarch be listed as endangered in Canada, as opposed to its current listing as a "species of concern" in that country. This move, once enacted, would protect critical monarch habitat in Canada, such as major fall accumulation areas in southern Ontario, but it would also have implications for citizen scientists who work with monarchs, and for classroom activities. If the monarch were federally protected in Canada, these activities could be limited, or require federal permits. [206] Monarch Watch: Monarch Waystation Program". University of Kansas, Entomology Department. Archived from the original on November 18, 2019 . Retrieved February 26, 2019. Pupa". Monarch Joint Venture. 2021. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021 . Retrieved October 5, 2021.a b Parsons, J.A. (1965). "A Digitallis-like Toxin in the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus L". The Journal of Physiology. 178 (2): 290–304. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007628. PMC 1357291. PMID 14298120. In North America, eggs and first-instar larvae of the monarch are eaten by larvae and adults of the introduced Asian lady beetle ( Harmonia axyridis). [123] The Chinese mantis ( Tenodera sinensis) will consume the larvae once the gut is removed thus avoiding cardenolides. [124] Predatory wasps commonly consume larvae, [125] though large larvae may avoid wasp predation by dropping from the plant or by jerking their bodies. [126] Aposematism [ edit ] Chemical structure of oleandrin, one of the cardiac glycosides Davis, Donald (November 27, 2014). "DPLEX-L:59250 THE possibility of a trans-Gulf migration, oil rigs, Dr. Gary Ross, and more". Monarch Watch. University of Kansas. Monarch Butterfly Journey North". Annenberg Learner. Archived from the original on October 14, 2017 . Retrieved July 16, 2017.