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Haccius, B.; Philip, V. Embryo development in Cocos nucifera L.: A critical contribution to a general understanding of palm embryogenesis. Plant Syst. Evol. 1979, 132, 91–106. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Angeles, J.G.C.; Lado, J.P.; Pascual, E.D.; Cueto, C.A.; Laurena, A.C.; Laude, R.P. Towards the understanding of important coconut endosperm phenotypes: Is there an epigenetic control? Agronomy 2018, 8, 225. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Additionally, some people are allergic to coconuts, though this is rare. If you have this allergy, you should avoid consuming all coconut-derived products ( 32). Summary Both Malauhog and Malakanin meats of immature coconuts can be eaten as is or used in salads, drinks, desserts, and pastries such as buko pie and es kelapa muda. Because of their soft textures, they are unsuitable for grating. Mature Malakatad coconut meat has a tough texture and thus is processed before consumption or made into copra. Freshly shredded mature coconut meat, known as "grated coconut", "shredded coconut", or "coconut flakes", is used in the extraction of coconut milk. They are also used as a garnish for various dishes, as in klepon and puto bumbong. They can also be cooked in sugar and eaten as a dessert in the Philippines known as bukayo. [118] [124] [125] [126] [127] Left: Harvesting coconuts in the Philippines is done by workers who climb the trees using notches cut into the trunk;
Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime. In India, the woven coconut leaves are used to build wedding marquees, especially in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. DeMason, D.A. Embryo structure and storage reserve histochemistry in the palm Washingtonia filifera. Am. J. Bot. 1988, 75, 330–337. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Flaked or shaved, coconut adds a nice flavor to savory dishes. Its meaty texture and flavor work well in curries, fish stews, rice dishes, or even on breaded shrimp. To make coconut cream and coconut milk, peel away the brown skin from the white coconut flesh and place the flesh into a food processor with some hot water. Blend thoroughly, then squeeze the mixture through some muslin or a clean tea towel into a plastic, china or glass bowl (coconut reacts to metal) and set the liquid aside for 20 minutes. The coconut cream will float to the top of the milk and can be spooned off the surface. This process can be repeated to make extra coconut milk. One coconut yields about one cup of coconut cream. Pradeepkumar, T.; Sumajyothibhaskar, B.; Satheesan, K.N. (2008). Management of Horticultural Crops. Horticulture Science Series. Vol.11, 2nd of 2 Parts. New India PublSome South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin myths in which the coconut plays the main role. In the Hainuwele myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut tree. [179] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. [180] In the story of Sina and the Eel, the origin of the coconut is related as the beautiful woman Sina burying an eel, which eventually became the first coconut. [181] Whitehead, R. Speed of Germination, a Characteristic of Possible Taxonomic Significance in Cocos nucifera Linn. Trop. Agric. 1965, 42, 369–372. [ Google Scholar]
Foale, M.; Harries, H. Coconut. In Specialty Crops for Pacific Islands; Elevitch, C., Ed.; Permanent Agricultural Resources: Holualoa, HI, USA, 2011; ISBN 978-0-970-25448-1. [ Google Scholar] Panza, V.; Lainez, V.; Maldonado, S. Seed structure and histochemistry in the palm Euterpe edulis. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 2004, 145, 445–453. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]Foale, M. The Coconut Odyssey: The Bounteous Possibilities of the Tree of Life; Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra, Australia, 2003; ISBN 1-86320-370-2. [ Google Scholar] Guerin, C.; Serret, J.; Montúfar, R.; Vaissayre, V.; Bastos-Siqueira, A.; Durand-Gasselin, T.; Tregear, J.; Morcillo, F.; Dussert, S. Palm seed and fruit lipid composition: Phylogenetic and ecological perspectives. Ann. Bot. 2020, 125, 157–172. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] To avoid this, coconuts workers in the Philippines and Guam traditionally use bolos tied with a rope to the waist to cut grooves at regular intervals on the coconut trunks. This basically turns the trunk of the tree into a ladder, though it reduces the value of coconut timber recovered from the trees and can be an entry point for infection. [84] [80] [85] Other manual methods to make climbing easier include using a system of pulleys and ropes; using pieces of vine, rope, or cloth tied to both hands or feet; using spikes attached to the feet or legs; or attaching coconut husks to the trunk with ropes. [86] Modern methods use hydraulic elevators mounted on tractors or ladders. [87] Mechanical coconut climbing devices and even automated robots have also been recently developed in countries like India, Sri Lanka, and Malaysia. [88] [89] [90] [86] Zizumbo-Villarreal, D.; Arellano-Morín, J. Germination patterns in coconut populations ( Cocos nucifera L.) in Mexico. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. 1998, 45, 465–473. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
Rethinam, P. Asian and Pacific Coconut Community activities, achievements and future outlook. In Coconut Revival—New Possibilities for the ‘Tree of Life’, Proceedings of the International Coconut Forum, Cairns, Australia, 22–24 November 2005; ACIAR: Camberra, Australia, 2006; Volume 125, pp. 15–21. [ Google Scholar] When researchers pitted virgin coconut oil against a placebo control, the coconut oil did worse. Not only was there no difference in fat burning, the study subjects ended up hungrier after the coconut oil meal. Coconut oil was less satiating than the same number of calories of a control oil. It turns out coconut oil is just as fattening as other oils in terms of total, belly, or butt/thigh fat and may have adverse metabolic effects. On the other hand, one recent review concluded that adding coconut fat to meals could actually increase insulin resistance long term, which could worsen blood sugar control. Therefore, more research is needed to better understand the effect of coconut on blood sugar regulation ( 23). Summary These provide substantial circumstantial evidence that deliberate Austronesian voyagers were involved in carrying coconuts across the Pacific Ocean and that they could not have dispersed worldwide without human agency. More recently, genomic analysis of cultivated coconut ( C.nucifera L.) has shed light on the movement. However, admixture, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations. [71] What about coconut water? It’s been touted as a preferred drink by athletes, but when put to the test, coconut water didn’t have any benefit over plain water during exercise. People with kidney disease should be aware that coconut water has so much potassium that they can run into life-threatening hyperkalemia (too much potassium in the blood) if they drink like two quarts of coconut water and don’t have normal kidney function—which would otherwise just flush the excess away. Even one quart a day may be too much for someone whose kidneys have been compromised by diabetes, for example.
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Domesticated Pacific coconuts, on the other hand, are rounded in shape with a thinner husk and a larger amount of endosperm. Domesticated coconuts also have more amounts of coconut water. [18] [19] [20] The name coconut is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese word coco, meaning 'head' or 'skull' after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. [34] [35] [36] [37] Coco and coconut apparently came from 1521 encounters by Portuguese and Spanish explorers with Pacific Islanders, with the coconut shell reminding them of a ghost or witch in Portuguese folklore called coco (also côca). [37] [38] In the West it was originally called nux indica, a name used by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra. He took the term from the Arabs, who called it جوز هندي jawz hindī, translating to 'Indian nut'. [39] Thenga, its Tamil/ Malayalam name, was used in the detailed description of coconut found in Itinerario by Ludovico di Varthema published in 1510 and also in the later Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. [40] Coconuts are low in carbs and high in fiber and fat, which may be beneficial for blood sugar control. Outside of New Zealand and India, only two other regions have reported Cocos-like fossils, namely Australia and Colombia. In Australia, a Cocos-like fossil fruit, measuring 10cm ×9.5cm ( 3 + 7⁄ 8in × 3 + 3⁄ 4in), were recovered from the Chinchilla Sand Formation dated to the latest Pliocene or basal Pleistocene. Rigby (1995) assigned them to modern Cocos nucifera based on its size. [26] [27] In Colombia, a single Cocos-like fruit was recovered from the middle to late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation. The fruit, however, was compacted in the fossilization process and it was not possible to determine if it had the diagnostic three pores that characterize members of the tribe Cocoseae. Nevertheless, Gomez-Navarro et al. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit. [32] In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil, and the coconut leaf caterpillar. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009 [update] yielded no results; researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites.
Foale, M.; Biddle, J.; Bazrafshan, A.; Adkins, S. Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Coconut. In Coconut Biotechnology: Towards the Sustainability of the ‘Tree of Life’; Adkins, S., Foale, M., Bourdeix, R., Nguyen, Q., Biddle, J., Eds.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 17–27. ISBN 978-3-030-44988-9. [ Google Scholar] In 2020, world production of coconuts was 62 million tonnes, led by Indonesia, India, and the Philippines, with 75% combined of the total (table). [78] Cultivation Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) is a surfactant manufactured from coconut oil that is increasingly used as an ingredient in personal hygiene products and cosmetics, such as shampoos, liquid soaps, cleansers and antiseptics, among others. [115] CAPB may cause mild skin irritation, [115] but allergic reactions to CAPB are rare [116] and probably related to impurities rendered during the manufacturing process (which include amidoamine and dimethylaminopropylamine) rather than CAPB itself. [115] Uses Immature green coconuts sold in Bangladesh for coconut water and their soft jelly-like flesh a b c d e f Lew, Christopher. "Tracing the origin of the coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.)" (PDF). Prized Writing 2018–2019. University of California, Davis: 143–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2021 . Retrieved April 22, 2021. Coconut oil is increasingly used in the food industry. [113] Proteins from coconut may cause food allergy, including anaphylaxis. [113]Coconut milk powder, a protein-rich powder, can be processed from coconut milk following centrifugation, separation, and spray drying. [134] Two important coconut products were first developed in the Philippines, macapuno and nata de coco. Macapuno is a coconut variety with a jelly-like coconut meat. Its meat is sweetened, cut into strands, and sold in glass jars as coconut strings, sometimes labeled as "coconut sport". Nata de coco, also called coconut gel, is another jelly-like coconut product made from fermented coconut water. [102] [103] India Coconuts being sold on a street in India Pérez, H.E. Promoting germination in ornamental palm seeds through dormancy alleviation. HortTechnology 2009, 19, 682–685. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Thomas, G.V.; Krishnakumar, V.; Dhanapal, R.; Reddy, D.S. Agro-management Practices for Sustainable Coconut Production. In The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)-Research and Development Perspectives; Nampoothiri, K.U.K., Krishnakumar, V., Thampan, P.K., Nair, M.A., Eds.; Springer: Singapore, 2019; pp. 227–322. ISBN 978-981-13-2754-4. [ Google Scholar]
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