SUBMARINE SUPER 99 #01 - SUBMA

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However, the UK government is confident it has captured the imagination of observers and hopes they will align with the Aukus objectives. That could include more military joint exercises, but go as far as prompting a re-think of relying too heavily on Chinese investment and trade ties.

Our collaborative working culture and experience in managing large and complex training programmes will help equip the Royal Navy with a training capability that underpins the cornerstone of the UK’s strategic defence capability. With nuclear power or air-independent propulsion, submarines can remain submerged for months at a time. Conventional diesel submarines must periodically resurface or run on snorkel to recharge their batteries. Most modern military submarines generate breathing oxygen by electrolysis of fresh water (using a device called an " Electrolytic Oxygen Generator"). Emergency oxygen can be produced by burning sodium chlorate candles. [96] Atmosphere control equipment includes a Carbon dioxide scrubber, which uses a spray of monoethanolamine (MEA) absorbent to remove the gas from the air, after which the MEA is heated in a boiler to release the CO 2 which is then pumped overboard. Emergency scrubbing can also be done with lithium hydroxide, which is consumable. [96] A machine that uses a catalyst to convert carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide (removed by the CO 2 scrubber) and bonds hydrogen produced from the ship's storage battery with oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water, is also used. [ citation needed] An atmosphere monitoring system samples the air from different areas of the ship for nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, R-12 and R-114 refrigerants, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other gases. [96] Poisonous gases are removed, and oxygen is replenished by use of an oxygen bank located in a main ballast tank. [ citation needed] [ clarification needed] Some heavier submarines have two oxygen bleed stations (forward and aft). The oxygen in the air is sometimes kept a few percent less than atmospheric concentration to reduce fire risk. Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, that houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines, this structure is the " sail" in American usage and "fin" in European usage. A " conning tower" was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins. Smaller, deep-diving, and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional design. Submarines dive and resurface by means of diving planes and changing the amount of water and air in ballast tanks to affect their buoyancy. Main article: Submarine snorkel Head of the snorkel mast from German type XXI submarine U-3503, scuttled outside Gothenburg on 8 May 1945 but raised by the Swedish Navy and carefully studied for the purpose of improving future Swedish submarine designs

Military submarines first made a significant impact in World War I. Forces such as the U-boats of Germany saw action in the First Battle of the Atlantic, and were responsible for sinking RMS Lusitania, which was sunk as a result of unrestricted submarine warfare and is often cited among the reasons for the entry of the United States into the war. [28] One of the first submarines with diesel–electric transmission, HMS Hajen, on display outside Marinmuseum in Karlskrona

Discussions between the English clergyman and inventor George Garrett and the Swedish industrialist Thorsten Nordenfelt led to the first practical steam-powered submarines, armed with torpedoes and ready for military use. The first was Nordenfelt I, a 56-tonne, 19.5-metre (64ft) vessel similar to Garrett's ill-fated Resurgam (1879), with a range of 240 kilometres (130nmi; 150mi), armed with a single torpedo, in 1885. To communicate with other submarines, a system known as Gertrude is used. Gertrude is basically a sonar telephone. Voice communication from one submarine is transmitted by low power speakers into the water, where it is detected by passive sonars on the receiving submarine. The range of this system is probably very short, and using it radiates sound into the water, which can be heard by the enemy. This carefully considered decision will allow the Submarine Service to draw on the widest range of talent and skills of our people - those in service and those yet to join. It will therefore enable us to further consolidate our operational success, and it will give our women the same opportunities as men to enjoy a fulfilling and rewarding career in the Submarine Service. The WALRUS design is a refinement of the previous Dutch ZWAARDVIS class, with two submarines built to that design being completed in 1972. The ZWAARDVIS, in tum, was a development of the American BARBEL (SS 580) class, the last diesel-electric combat submarines to be built for the U.S. Navy. (See P.L. van Ewijk, “History of the Dutch Submarine Force,” THE SUBMARINE REVIEW, July 1992.)For example, from the submarine’s central operating panel, the propulsion plant, battery charging system, and trim system can be controlled. The trim system has an integrated micropro-cessor and provides real-time recommendations for trim and/or weight corrections.