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Painted ( polychrome) terracotta is typically first covered with a thin coat of gesso, then painted. It has been very widely used but the paint is only suitable for indoor positions and is much less durable than fired colors in or under a ceramic glaze. Terracotta sculpture was very rarely left in its "raw" fired state in the West until the 18th century. [15] In art history [ edit ] Rainer Kahnitz (1986). "Sculpture in Stone, Terracotta, and Wood". In Schultz, Ellen (ed.). Gothic and Renaissance Art in Nuremberg. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p.67. ISBN 9780870994661. Indian sculpture made heavy use of terracotta from as early as the Indus Valley civilization (with stone and metal sculpture being rather rare), and in more sophisticated areas had largely abandoned modeling for using molds by the 1st century BC. This allows relatively large figures, nearly up to life-size, to be made, especially in the Gupta period and the centuries immediately following it. Several vigorous local popular traditions of terracotta folk sculpture remain active today, such as the Bankura horses. [18] The Ancient Greeks' Tanagra figurines were mass-produced mold-cast and fired terracotta figurines, that seem to have been widely affordable in the Hellenistic period, and often purely decorative in function. They were part of a wide range of Greek terracotta figurines, which included larger and higher-quality works such as the Aphrodite Heyl; the Romans too made great numbers of small figurines, which were often used in a religious context as cult statues or temple decorations. [17] Etruscan art often used terracotta in preference to stone even for larger statues, such as the near life-size Apollo of Veii and the Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Campana reliefs are Ancient Roman terracotta reliefs, originally mostly used to make friezes for the outside of buildings, as a cheaper substitute for stone. Architecture - People use terracotta in architecture very creatively since it is lightweight and keeps the surroundings cool. It is a great choice of material in architecture. The complete house can be constructed out of it. With the making of traditional tiles out of terracotta, new tiles are also being built; you can see some innovative tiles designed on Nuvocotto Jaalis . They have positioned clay tiles from mere a functional product to the first choice of creative designers and architects across India and UAE. Some architectures also develop a Biomimicry cooling system to replace the central cooling system. Designed an air cooler made out of clay inspired by beehive structure and customized through advanced computational analysis and modern calibration techniques.
Typically terracotta was used in making decoration (architecture), sculptures of gods and goddesses , terracotta reliefs, and human figurines. Due to its lightweight nature, it has been extensively used for architectural purposes worldwide. Types of clay terra-cotta, (Italian: “baked earth”) literally, any kind of fired clay but, in general usage, a kind of object—e.g., vessel, figure, or structural form—made from fairly coarse, porous clay that when fired assumes a colour ranging from dull ochre to red and usually is left unglazed. Most terra-cotta has been of a utilitarian kind because of its cheapness, versatility, and durability. Limitations in the basic materials often cause a superficial similarity between simply made works as far separated by time and distance as early Greece and the modern cultures of Latin America. Terracotta, also known as terra cotta or terra-cotta [2] ( Italian: [ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta]; lit. 'baked earth'; [3] from Latin terra cocta'cooked earth'), [4] is a term used in some contexts for earthenware. That is to say it is a clay-based unglazed or glazed non-vitreous ceramic, [5] fired at relatively low temperatures. [6] Contemporary terracotta casserole dish H. Meyerowitz; V. Meyerowitz (1939). "Bronzes and Terra-Cottas from Ile-Ife". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 75 (439), 150–152; 154–155. Polished terracotta is also known as fine terracotta or earthenware. To obtain this variety of terracotta, the items are fired at a lower temperature of about 650°C. The first burning is known as biscuits . Items taken to the cake stage are removed from the oven and allowed to cool. They are covered with a glazing compound and fired again in the oven at about 1200°C. Earthenware is available in various colors and indicates the superior quality of the terracotta .To prepare porous terracotta, sawdust or ground cork is added to the clay before the shaping stage. When the particles of such clay are burned in a kiln , the organic particles burn and leave pores in the particles. Porous terracotta is a fireproof and soundproofing material. It can be easily sawn and nailed with nails , screws , etc. It is lightweight but structurally weak. Earthenware - Clay, which is used for making terracotta. It is found impure in its basic state and then refined to make products out of it. Dried objects are baked in a kiln or atop combustible material in a pit to make them permanent and hard. Such kilns can run on natural or propane gas, wood, coal, and electricity. Some people fire their work in pits in the ground. They layer the pots with hay, seaweed, or other combustibles. The fire burns from top to bottom over a day or two. The chemicals in the grass, or other chemicals added to the fire, are absorbed into the pot and create colors in the clay. But this is not the only factor that affects the color of an object; to get the different colors and properties of terracotta, temperature derives. During this process, some things can get destroyed. The major centres that continue the practice in the modern times include West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, etc. In Bishnupur, West Bengal, the terracotta pattern–panels on the temples are known for their intricate details. The Bankura Horse is also very famous, and belongs to the Bengal school of terracotta. Madhya Pradesh is one of the main production centre of terracotta art today. The tribals of Bastar—area carry forward the rich tradition. They make intricate designs, and statues of animals and birds using this medium. Hand-painted clay and terracotta products are famous in Gujarat. The Aiyanar-cult in Tamil Nadu is associated with life-size terracotta statues. [38] Terracotta tiles have also been used extensively for floors since ancient times. The quality of terracotta floor tiles depends on the suitability of the clay, the manufacturing methods (kiln-fired being more durable than sun baked), and whether the terracotta tiles are sealed or not.
The River Rhine Separating the Waters; by Claude Michel; 1765; terracotta; 27.9 × 45.7 × 30.5cm; Kimbell Art Museum ( Fort Worth, Texas, US)Terracotta female figurines were uncovered by archaeologists in excavations of Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan (3000–1500BC). Along with phallus-shaped stones, these suggest some sort of fertility cult. [16] The Burney Relief is an outstanding terracotta plaque from Ancient Mesopotamia of about 1950 BC. In Mesoamerica, the great majority of Olmec figurines were in terracotta. Many ushabti mortuary statuettes were also made of terracotta in Ancient Egypt. Kaolin - It is a soft white clay known as china clay. The natural state of kaolin is smooth powder consistency, white color, and consists of mineral kaolinite in it. A pretty good amount of color choices are also available in this material. It is cheaper than another ordinary finely stoneware products . Clay is one of the most versatile materials that can be molded into anything our creative minds imagine. It became one of humankind's favorite materials for creating products. It is a fireproof material, which can also be used with RCC work. Terracotta products are light in weight. Thus, it can be easily used anywhere and are easy to install. Terracotta does not get affected by atmospheric agencies, acids, and weathering actions compared to any other stone material. Terracotta jewelry - Even in the fashion world, terracotta can be used. Artists have been using terracotta to make some very beautiful statement jewellery pieces out of it. Businesses can also try to make terracotta jewellery by giving it a modern look inspired by modern forms and shapes. After the baking part, it can be beautified by using colors and stones. De nombreux médaillons ornent les façades des palais florentins. Ils représentent des objets symboliques (armoiries) ou des bustes de personnalités.
Alors comment l’associer ? Dans quelles pièces l’utiliser ? Où trouver de la peinture ou du papier peint de cette teinte ? Terracotta" is normal in British English, and perhaps globally more common in art history. "Terra-cotta" is more popular in general American English. C. A. Galvin; etal. (2003). "Terracotta [It.: 'cooked earth']". Terracotta. Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T083896. ISBN 9781884446054.This article covers the senses of terracotta as a medium in sculpture, as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines, and architectural decoration. East Asian and European sculpture in porcelain is not covered. In art, pottery, applied art, craft, construction and architecture, "terracotta" is a term often used for red-coloured earthenware sculptures or functional articles such as flower pots, water and waste water pipes, tableware, roofing tiles and surface embellishment on buildings. In such applications the material is also called terracotta. [7] Molded statuettes 6 to 7 inches (15 to 18 cm) in height are common throughout the ancient world, among them very early primitive figures from Cyprus and painted, glazed human figures from Minoan Crete. The Cypriot figures often comprise groups of dancers or warriors, and the Cretan feature lively poses of women, horsemen, or animals. After the 7th century bce, styles became less hieratic, the subjects more mundane—e.g., a nurse with child, a teacher and pupils, an actor in costume. The Tanagra figurines, found in Tanagra in central Greece (Boeotia), are the best known of this kind. In the Hellenistic period, from the 4th century bce, centres of statuette production moved to Asia Minor and westward, being found throughout the Roman Empire as far as Britain. Styles in the East became more ornate and influenced by Oriental values in design and subject. Home decor - Plantaires made of terracotta are the best choice for growing plants. Some artists are making very creative vases and planters in the shape of human body parts, giving them a very fresh modern, and artistic touch. To add some earthy tone to home interiors , a terracotta candle tea stand , table toppers , 3D wall paintings (wall relief mural), pen stand , and showpieces are great choices.
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