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a b c Salesa, M. J.; Peigné, S.; Antón, M. & Morales, J. (2021). "The taxonomy and phylogeny of Ailurus". In Glatston, A. R. (ed.). Red Panda: Biology and Conservation of the First Panda (Seconded.). London: Academic Press. pp.15–29. ISBN 978-0-12-823753-3.

Joshi, B. D.; Dalui, S.; Singh, S. K.; Mukherjee, T.; Chandra, K.; Sharma, L. K. & Thakur, M. (2021). "Siang river in Arunachal Pradesh splits Red Panda into two phylogenetic species". Mammalian Biology. 101 (1): 121–124. doi: 10.1007/s42991-020-00094-y. S2CID 231811193. The earliest fossil record of the modern genus Ailurus dates no earlier than the Pleistocene and appears to have been limited to Asia. The modern red panda's lineage became adapted for a specialised bamboo diet, having molar-like premolars and more elevated cusps. [21] The false thumb would secondarily gain a function in feeding. [19] [20] Genomics

Animal Info – Red Panda". Archived from the original on 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2009. The red panda has a relatively small head, though proportionally larger than in similarly sized raccoons, with a reduced snout and triangular ears, and nearly evenly lengthed limbs. [28] [29] It has a head-body length of 51–63.5cm (20.1–25.0in) with a 28–48.5cm (11.0–19.1in) tail. The Himalayan red panda is recorded to weigh 3.2–9.4kg (7.1–20.7lb), while the Chinese red panda weighs 4–15kg (8.8–33.1lb) for females and 4.2–13.4kg (9.3–29.5lb) for males. [28] It has five curved digits on each foot, each with curved semi-retractile claws that aid in climbing. [29] The pelvis and hindlimbs have flexible joints, adaptations for an arboreal quadrupedal lifestyle. [31] While not prehensile, the tail helps the animal balance while climbing. [29] Two of the panda's most distinctive features, its large size and round face, are adaptations to its bamboo diet. Anthropologist Russell Ciochon observed: "[much] like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume [of the giant panda] is indicative of a lower metabolic rate. This lower metabolic rate and a more sedentary lifestyle allows the giant panda to subsist on nutrient poor resources such as bamboo." [65] Similarly, the giant panda's round face is the result of powerful jaw muscles, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. [65] Large molars crush and grind fibrous plant material. Lewis, C. T. A. & Short, C. (1879). "fulgens". Latin Dictionary (Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewrittened.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021 . Retrieved 21 February 2021. Lindburg, Donald G.; Baragona, Karen (2004). Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-23867-2.

The average giant panda eats as much as 9 to 14kg (20 to 31lb) of bamboo shoots a day to compensate for the limited energy content of its diet. Ingestion of such a large quantity of material is possible and necessary because of the rapid passage of large amounts of indigestible plant material through the short, straight digestive tract. [62] [63] It is also noted, however, that such rapid passage of digesta limits the potential of microbial digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, [62] limiting alternative forms of digestion. Given this voluminous diet, the giant panda defecates up to 40 times a day. [64] The limited energy input imposed on it by its diet has affected the panda's behavior. The giant panda tends to limit its social interactions and avoids steeply sloping terrain to limit its energy expenditures. [65]

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a b c d e f g h i j k l Roberts, M. S. & Gittleman, J. L. (1984). " Ailurus fulgens" (PDF). Mammalian Species (222): 1–8. doi: 10.2307/3503840. JSTOR 3503840. S2CID 253993605. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017. It has been estimated that an adult panda absorbs 54.8–66.1mg (0.846–1.020gr) of cyanide a day through its diet. To prevent poisoning, they have evolved anti-toxic mechanisms to protect themselves. About 80% of the cyanide is metabolized to less toxic thiocyanate and discharged in urine, while the remaining 20% is detoxified by other minor pathways. [66]