Ravensden Soft Toy Orangutan Sitting 28cm

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The word was first attested in English in 1693 by physician John Bulwer in the form Orang-Outang, [1] [7] and variants ending with -ng are found in many languages. This spelling (and pronunciation) has remained in use in English up to the present but has come to be regarded as incorrect. [8] [9] [10] The loss of "h" in utan and the shift from -ng to -n has been taken to suggest the term entered English through Portuguese. [4] In Malay, the term was first attested in 1840, not as an indigenous name but referring to how the English called the animal. [11] The word 'orangutan' in Malay and Indonesian today was borrowed from English or Dutch in the 20th century—explaining why the initial 'h' of 'hutan' is also missing. [4]

Lucy is an adult female hybrid orangutan. The oldest of the Zoo’s orangutans, Lucy often delights visitors by sitting up at the glass. She is the only orangutan that chooses not to travel the O-Line. Lucy was born at the Zoo in 1973.Orangutans have small ears and noses; the ears are unlobed. [34] The mean endocranial volume is 397cm 3. [36] The cranium is elevated relative to the face, which is incurved and prognathous. [34] Compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, the brow ridge of an orangutan is underdeveloped. [37] Females and juveniles have relatively circular skulls and thin faces while mature males have a prominent sagittal crest, large cheek pads or flanges, [34] extensive throat pouches and long canines. [34] [18] :14 The cheek pads are made mostly of fatty tissue and are supported by the musculature of the face. [38] The throat pouches act as resonance chambers for making long calls. [39] Skeleton of subadult Bornean orangutan Russon, A. E.; Compost, A.; Kuncoro, P.; Ferisa, A. (2014). "Orangutan Fish Eating, Primate Aquatic Fauna Eating, and Their Implications for the Origins of Ancestral Hominin Fish Eating". Journal of Human Evolution. 77: 50–63. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.007. PMID 25038033. van Schaik, C. P.; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merrill, M.; etal. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture". Science. 299 (5603): 102–05. Bibcode: 2003Sci...299..102V. doi: 10.1126/science.1078004. PMID 12511649. S2CID 25139547. Russon, AE; Handayani, DP; Kuncoro, P; Ferisa, A. (2007). "Orangutan leaf-carrying for nest-building: toward unraveling cultural processes". Animal Cognition. 10 (2): 189–202. doi: 10.1007/s10071-006-0058-z. PMID 17160669. S2CID 6875716.

The social structure of the orangutan can be best described as solitary but social; they live a more solitary lifestyle than the other great apes. [50] Bornean orangutans are generally more solitary than Sumatran orangutans. [35] Most social bonds occur between adult females and their dependent and weaned offspring. Resident females live with their offspring in defined home ranges that overlap with those of other adult females, which may be their immediate relatives. One to several resident female home ranges are encompassed within the home range of a resident male, who is their main mating partner. [50] [51] Interactions between adult females range from friendly to avoidance to antagonistic. [52] Flanged males are hostile to both other flanged males and unflanged males, while unflanged males are more peaceful towards each other. [53] All three species are critically endangered according to the IUCN Red List of mammals. [115] [116] [117] They are legally protected from capture, harm or killing in both Malaysia and Indonesia, [118] and are listed under Appendix I by CITES, which prohibits their unlicensed trade under international law. [119] The Bornean orangutan range has become more fragmented, with few or no apes documented in the southeast. [116] The largest remaining population is found in the forest around the Sabangau River, but this environment is at risk. [120] The Sumatran orangutan is found only in the northern part of Sumatra, most of the population inhabiting the Leuser Ecosystem. [115] The Tapanuli orangutan is found only in the Batang Toru forest of Sumatra. [117] Deforestation for palm oil production in Indonesia

Knox, A; Markx, J; How, E; Azis, A; Hobaiter, C; an Veen, F. J. F; Morrogh-Bernard, H (2019). "Gesture use in communication between mothers and offspring in wild Orang-Utans ( Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) from the Sabangau Peat-Swamp Forest, Borneo". International Journal of Primatology. 40 (3): 393–416. doi: 10.1007/s10764-019-00095-w. S2CID 195329265. Middleton, Duncan (7 August 2016). "The missing lynx and five other animal escapees including Ken Allen the Orangutan". BBC Newsbeat. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 . Retrieved 25 December 2018. The Great Ape House and Think Tank are home to seven orangutans: Kiko, Kyle, Bonnie, Iris, Batang, Lucy and Redd. The orangutans are highly social but semi-solitary in the wild, so they live in small, flexible social groups at the Zoo. The two males, Kiko and Kyle, are not housed together, but the females have the flexibility to choose which group to join. The older orangutans at the Zoo are hybrids of Bornean (Pongo pygmaeus) and Sumatran (Pongo abelii) orangutans—they have one Bornean parent and one Sumatran parent. Orangutans are managed by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' Species Survival Plan (SSP), which seeks to maintain a genetically diverse, and healthy population of both Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. van Schaik, Carel (2004). Among Orangutans: Red Apes and the Rise of Human Culture. Harvard University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780674015777. Wich, Serge A.; de Vries, Hans; Ancrenaz, Marc; Perkins, Lori; Shumaker, Robert W.; Suzuki, Akira; van Schaik, Carel P. (2009). "Orangutan life history variation". In Wich, Serge A.; Atmoko, S. Suci Utami; Setia, Tatang Mitra; van Schaik, Carel P. (eds.). Orangutans: Geographic Variation in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press. pp.67–68. ISBN 978-0199213276.

Fox, E. A. (2002). "Female tactics to reduce sexual harassment in the Sumatran orangutan ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 52 (2): 93–101. doi: 10.1007/s00265-002-0495-x. S2CID 13583879.

a b c d Nater, A.; Mattle-Greminger, M. P.; Nurcahyo, A.; Nowak, M. G.; etal. (2 November 2017). "Morphometric, Behavioral, and Genomic Evidence for a New Orangutan Species". Current Biology. 27 (22): 3487–3498.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.047. PMID 29103940. Main article: Orangutans in popular culture 1870 illustration for " The Murders in the Rue Morgue" by Daniel Vierge Dellios, Paulette (2008). "A lexical odyssey from the Malay World". Studia Universitatis Petru Maior. Philologia. 4 (4): 141–44. a b c d Galdikas, Birute M. F. (1988). "Orangutan Diet, Range, and Activity at Tanjung Puting, Central Borneo". International Journal of Primatology. 9 (1): 1–35. doi: 10.1007/BF02740195. S2CID 40513842.

Ny projektledare på Nyaru Menteng". Save the Orangutan. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014 . Retrieved 2 April 2012. Fox, Elizabeth A (2001). "Homosexual behavior in wild Sumatran orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii)". American Journal of Primatology. 55 (3): 177–81. doi: 10.1002/ajp.1051. PMID 11746281. S2CID 21561581.

Wich, S A; Meijaard, E; Marshall, A J; Husson, S; etal. (2002). "Distribution and conservation status of the orang-utan ( Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain?". Oryx. 42 (3): 329–39. doi: 10.5167/uzh-3914. Oishi, M.; Ogihara, N.; Endo, H.; Ichihara, N.; Asari, M. (2009). "Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees". Journal of Anatomy. 215 (4): 373–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01125.x. PMC 2766055. PMID 19619166.