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Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants and the Revolt of the Netherlands (The End of the Antwerp Mart, Vol 2). Manchester University Press. pp.1 & 62–63. ISBN 9780719018497. Rail Underground and DLR The London Underground is the world's oldest and third-longest rapid transit system. Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) [1734]. "Letter VI – On the Presbyterians. Letters on the English". www.bartleby.com. The Harvard Classics . Retrieved 22 July 2017.
Main article: Airports of London Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in Europe as well as the second busiest in the world for international passenger traffic ( Terminal 5C is pictured). London as a Financial Center Since Brexit: Evidence from the 2022 BIS Triennial Survey | Global Development Policy Center". www.bu.edu. Burgon, John William (1839). The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange: Including Notices of Many of His Contemporaries. With Illustrations, Volume 2. London: R. Jennings. pp.80–81. ISBN 978-1277223903. Saphora Smith (16 May 2022). "London could run out of water in 25 years as cities worldwide face rising risk of drought, report warns". The Independent . Retrieved 5 June 2022.Mills, AD (2010). Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 152. Of course until relatively recent times the name London referred only to the City of London with even Westminster remaining a separate entity. But when the County of London was created in 1888, the name often came to be rather loosely used for this much larger area, which was also sometimes referred to as Greater London from about this date. However, in 1965 Greater London was newly defined as a much enlarged area. Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. [138] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. [139] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed by statute or in written form. [note 5]
Important national and royal ceremonies are shared between St Paul's and Westminster Abbey. [214] The Abbey is not to be confused with nearby Westminster Cathedral, the largest Roman Catholic cathedral in England and Wales. [215] Despite the prevalence of Anglican churches, observance is low within the denomination. Anglican Church attendance continues a long, steady decline, according to Church of England statistics. [216] Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough". Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,739 people or 40.6% of London's population were foreign-born, [194] making it among the cities with the largest immigrant population in terms of absolute numbers. About 69% of children born in London in 2015 had at least one parent who was born abroad. [195] Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming the centre of the British press. The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817. Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world's leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 was specifically aimed at weakening Dutch economic power. London then overtook Amsterdam as the leading international financial centre. [76] Late modern and contemporaryMPA: Metropolitan Police Authority". Metropolitan Police Authority. 22 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2013. West End still drawing crowds". BBC News. 22 October 2001. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2008.
London's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style, partly because of their varying ages. Many grand houses and public buildings, such as the National Gallery, are constructed from Portland stone. Some areas of the city, particularly those just west of the centre, are characterised by white stucco or whitewashed buildings. Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the city. Further out is, for example, the Tudor-period Hampton Court Palace. [179] Close to Hyde Park are smaller Royal Parks, Green Park and St. James's Park. [408] A number of large parks lie outside the city centre, including Hampstead Heath and the remaining Royal Parks of Greenwich Park to the southeast, and Bushy Park and Richmond Park (the largest) to the southwest. Hampton Court Park is also a royal park, but, because it contains a palace, it is administered by the Historic Royal Palaces, unlike the eight Royal Parks. [409]Fowler, Joshua (5 July 2013). "London Government Act: Essex, Kent, Surrey and Middlesex 50 years on". BBC News. Global Property Guide. "Price per Square Meter United Kingdom – British Cost per Square Meter". Global Property Guide. Jones, Rupert (8 August 2014). "Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year". The Guardian. London . Retrieved 24 September 2014.
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